Research

@article{Thomas2024,

title = {Weekly Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech With Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment: A Single-Case Experimental Design Study},

author = {Donna Thomas and Elizabeth Murray and Eliza Williamson and Patricia McCabe},

doi = {10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00665},

issn = {1558-9102},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-09-26},

journal = {J Speech Lang Hear Res},

volume = {67},

number = {9S},

pages = {3392--3413},

publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},

abstract = {

            Purpose:

            The aim of this study was to pilot the efficacy of rapid syllable transition (ReST) treatment when provided once per week for a 50-min treatment session for 12 weeks with five children with childhood apraxia of speech. Of central importance was the children's retention and generalization of gains from treatment as indicators of speech motor learning.

          

          

            Method:

            A multiple-baseline across-participant design was employed to investigate (a) treatment effect on the 20 treated pseudowords, (b) generalization to 40 untreated real words and 10 untreated polysyllabic word sentences, and (c) maintenance of any treatment and generalization goals to up to 4 months posttreatment. To investigate any difference between in-session performance and retention, a comparison was made between data collected during treatment and probe sessions.

          

          

            Results:

            Treatment data collected during therapy showed all children improving across their 12 treatment sessions. Three of the five children showed a treatment effect on treated pseudowords in the probe sessions, but only one child showed generalization to untreated real words, and no children showed generalization to sentences.

          

          

            Conclusions:

            ReST treatment delivered at a dose frequency of once per week was efficacious for only one of the five children. In-session treatment data were not a reliable indicator of children's learning. One session per week of ReST therapy is therefore not recommended.

          

          

            Supplemental Material:

            

              https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.23751018

            

          },

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Korkalainen2022,

title = {Outcomes of a novel single case study incorporating Rapid Syllable Transition treatment, AAC and blended intervention in children with cerebral palsy: a pilot study},

author = {Marjut Johanna Korkalainen and Patricia McCabe and Andy Smidt and Catherine Morgan},

doi = {10.1080/17483107.2022.2071488},

issn = {1748-3115},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-02},

journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology},

volume = {19},

number = {1},

pages = {167--176},

publisher = {Informa UK Limited},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Korkalainen2023,

title = {The Effectiveness of Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment in Improving Communication in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial},

author = {Johanna Korkalainen and Patricia McCabe and Andy Smidt and Catherine Morgan},

doi = {10.1080/17518423.2023.2218485},

issn = {1751-8431},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-07-04},

journal = {Developmental Neurorehabilitation},

volume = {26},

number = {5},

pages = {309--319},

publisher = {Informa UK Limited},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{McCabe2023,

title = {A Pilot Randomized Control Trial of Motor-Based Treatments for Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment and Ultrasound Biofeedback},

author = {Patricia McCabe and Jonathan L. Preston and Pippa Evans and Rob Heard},

doi = {10.1044/2022_ajslp-22-00144},

issn = {1558-9110},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-03-09},

urldate = {2023-03-09},

journal = {Am J Speech Lang Pathol},

volume = {32},

number = {2},

pages = {629--644},

publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},

abstract = {<jats:sec>

            <jats:title>Purpose:</jats:title>

            <jats:p>Both Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment (ReST) and ultrasound biofeedback are effective approaches to treating childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). The purpose of the study was to compare outcomes from these two motor-based treatment approaches for school-age children with CAS.</jats:p>

          </jats:sec>

          <jats:sec>

            <jats:title>Method:</jats:title>

            <jats:p>In a single site, single blind randomized control trial, 14 children with CAS ages 6–13 years were randomly assigned to 12 sessions over 6 weeks of either of ultrasound biofeedback treatment (with a speech motor chaining practice structure) or ReST. Treatment was delivered at The University of Sydney by students trained and supervised by certified speech-language pathologists. Transcriptions from blinded assessors were used to compare the two groups on speech sound accuracy (percent phonemes correct) and prosodic severity (lexical stress errors and syllable segregation) in untreated words and sentences at three time points: pretreatment, immediately posttreatment, and 1-month posttreatment (i.e., retention).</jats:p>

          </jats:sec>

          <jats:sec>

            <jats:title>Results:</jats:title>

            <jats:p>Both groups showed significant improvement on treated items indicating a treatment effect. At no time was there a difference between groups. Both groups showed a significant improvement in speech sound accuracy on untreated words and sentences from pre to post and neither group showed an improvement in prosody pre–post. Changes to speech sound accuracy were retained by both groups at 1-month follow-up. Significant improvement in prosodic accuracy was reported at the 1-month follow-up.</jats:p>

          </jats:sec>

          <jats:sec>

            <jats:title>Conclusions:</jats:title>

            <jats:p>ReST and ultrasound biofeedback were equally effective. Either ReST or ultrasound biofeedback may be viable treatment options for school-age children with CAS.</jats:p>

          </jats:sec>

          <jats:sec>

            <jats:title>Supplemental Material:</jats:title>

            <jats:p>

              <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.22114661">https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.22114661</jats:ext-link>

            </jats:p>

          </jats:sec>},

note = {OPEN ACCESS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ng2022,

title = {Predicting Treatment Outcomes in Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis},

author = {Wei Lin Ng and Patricia McCabe and Rob Heard and Veronica Park and Elizabeth Murray and Donna Thomas},

doi = {10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00617},

issn = {1558-9102},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-05-11},

journal = {J Speech Lang Hear Res},

volume = {65},

number = {5},

pages = {1784--1799},

publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},

abstract = {

            Purpose:

            The purpose of this study is to identify predictors of treatment outcomes in Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment (ReST) for childhood apraxia of speech through an individual participant data meta-analysis.

          

          

            Method:

            A systematic literature search identified nine ReST studies for inclusion. Individual participant data were obtained, and studies were coded for methodological design, baseline participant characteristics, service delivery factors, and treatment outcomes. Bivariate analyses were conducted to identify potential predictor variables. Multiple linear regressions were then performed to identify predictors of treatment outcomes.

          

          

            Results:

            Data for 36 participants from seven studies were included in the statistical analyses. In multivariate modeling, better performance on treated pseudowords posttreatment was predicted by higher baseline expressive language and Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation scores, lower speech inconsistency and percentage of vowels correct, and higher pretreatment accuracy on pseudoword targets. Better performance on untreated real words posttreatment was predicted by higher pretreatment accuracy on real words. Gains in performance and retention of gains were not significantly predicted by any individual variable or combination of variables.

          

          

            Conclusions:

            Baseline speech and expressive language skills and accuracy on pseudowords and real words were significant predictors of absolute posttreatment performance. Regardless of baseline characteristics, all children were statistically as likely to achieve gains during ReST and retain these gains for up to 4 weeks posttreatment. Large-scale prospective research is required to further examine the effects of dose frequency and co-occurring language impairments on treatment outcomes and the complex co-effects of percentage of vowels correct with other potential predictors.

          

          

            Supplemental Material:

            

              https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.19611714

            

          },

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{O'Farrell2022,

title = {The Adult Perceptual Limen of Syllable Segregation in Typically Developing Paediatric Speech},

author = {Ciara O'Farrell and Patricia McCabe and Alison Purcell and Rob Heard},

doi = {10.3389/fcomm.2022.839415},

issn = {2297-900X},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-03-25},

urldate = {2022-03-25},

journal = {Front. Commun.},

volume = {7},

publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},

abstract = {<jats:p>Inappropriate gaps between syllables are one of the core diagnostic features of both childhood apraxia of speech and acquired apraxia of speech. However, little is known about how listeners perceive and identify inappropriate pauses between syllables (gap detection). Only one previous study has investigated the perception of inappropriate pauses between syllables in typical adult speakers and no investigations of gap detection in children's speech have been undertaken. The purpose of this research was to explore the boundaries of listener gap detection to determine at which gap length (duration) a listener can perceive that an inappropriate pause is present in child speech. Listener perception of between-syllable gaps was explored in an experimental design study using the online survey platform Qualtrics. Speech samples were collected from two typically developing children and digitally manipulated to insert gaps between syllables. Adult listeners (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 84) were recruited and could accurately detect segregation on 80% of presentations at a duration between 100 and 125 ms and could accurately detect segregation on 90% of presentations at a duration between 125 and 150 ms. Listener musical training, gender and age were not correlated with accuracy of detection, but speech pathology training was, albeit weakly. Male speaker gender, and strong onset syllable stress were correlated with increased accuracy compared to female speaker gender and weak onset syllable stress in some gap conditions. The results contribute to our understanding of speech acceptability in CAS and other prosodic disorders and moves towards developing standardised criteria for rating syllable segregation. There may also be implications for computer and artificial intelligence understanding of child speech and automatic detection of disordered speech based on between syllable segregation.</jats:p>},

note = {OPEN ACCESS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Scarcella2021,

title = {A Pilot Single-Case Experimental Design Study of Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment for Italian Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech},

author = {Ilaria Scarcella and Letizia Michelazzo and Patricia McCabe},

doi = {10.1044/2021_ajslp-20-00133},

issn = {1558-9110},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-18},

journal = {Am J Speech Lang Pathol},

volume = {30},

number = {3S},

pages = {1496--1510},

publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},

abstract = {

            Background

            The Rapid Syllable Transition (ReST) treatment is an effective intervention designed to address the planning and programming disorder found in childhood apraxia of speech. To date, no study has considered its use with children who speak languages other than English.

          

          

            Aim

            This pilot study aimed to examine the use of ReST treatment with Italian children. We hypothesized that the ReST approach would improve the overall accuracy of the targeted behaviors of lexical stress, smoothness, and phonemic accuracy, whereas phonemic and phonetic accuracy of untreated items would remain stable.

          

          

            Method

            Two monolingual Italian-speaking children with childhood apraxia of speech received therapy in 12 one-hour sessions, 2–3 times per week, using a single-case experimental design. The treatment procedures used in English were replicated in Italian with one change: In English, two stress patterns are treated. Italian commonly uses three stress patterns; therefore, the stimuli were modified accordingly. Accuracy of articulation, lexical stress, and smoothness were assessed at pretreatment and 1 day, 1 week, and 4 months posttreatment in treated and untreated pseudowords and in real words and sentences.

          

          

            Results

            Both children improved on treated pseudowords and real words with moderate effect sizes, but only one child generalized to untreated pseudowords. Maintenance of treatment results was observed in both participants. Articulation of control phonemes did not change.

          

          

            Conclusions

            ReST treatment in Italian is feasible, and a treatment effect was found, showing that its use may be valid in languages other than English. Further research is required.

          

          

            Supplemental Material

            

              https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14348060

            

          },

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{McCabe2020,

title = {Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment—A Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech and Other Pediatric Motor Speech Disorders},

author = {Patricia McCabe and Donna Claire Thomas and Elizabeth Murray},

doi = {10.1044/2020_persp-19-00165},

issn = {2381-473X},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-08-17},

urldate = {2020-08-17},

journal = {Perspect ASHA SIGs},

volume = {5},

number = {4},

pages = {821--830},

publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},

abstract = {<jats:sec>

            <jats:title>Purpose</jats:title>

            <jats:p>Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a speech disorder that many generalist speech-language pathologists feel underqualified to treat. For children with CAS, this may result in ad hoc interventions resulting in slower progress. Research evidence for various CAS treatments is primarily limited to single-case experimental design studies; however, two treatments (Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment [ReST] and the Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme, Third Edition) have been compared in a single randomized controlled trial.</jats:p>

          </jats:sec>

          <jats:sec>

            <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>

            <jats:p>This tutorial describes one of those treatments: ReST which was designed to address the three consensus core features of CAS simultaneously: consistency and accuracy of sounds, sequencing, and prosody. The treatment uses nonwords to help children build and store accurate motor plans and programs using principles of motor learning. Treatment data are described, and commonly reported clinical issues are discussed. Recommendations for which children may be suitable for ReST and for evidence-based practice are described.</jats:p>

          </jats:sec>},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Barrett2019,

title = {Protocol for the Connected Speech Transcription of Children with Speech Disorders: An Example from Childhood Apraxia of Speech},

author = {Catherine Barrett and Patricia McCabe and Sarah Masso and Jonathan Preston},

doi = {10.1159/000500664},

issn = {1421-9972},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-04-03},

journal = {Folia Phoniatr Logop},

volume = {72},

number = {2},

pages = {152--166},

publisher = {S. Karger AG},

abstract = {\textbf{\textit{Objective:}} While it is known that connected speech has different features to single-word speech, there are currently few recommendations regarding connected speech transcription. This research therefore aimed to develop a clinically feasible protocol for connected speech transcription. The protocol was then used to assist with description of the connected speech of children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), as little is known about their connected speech characteristics. \textbf{\textit{Participants and Methods:}} Following a literature review, the Connected Speech Transcription Protocol (CoST-P) was iteratively developed and trialled. The CoST-P was then used to transcribe 50 connected utterances produced by 12 children (aged 6–13 years) with CAS. The characteristics of participants’ connected speech were analysed to capture independent and relational analyses. \textbf{\textit{Results:}} The CoST-P was developed, trialled, and determined to have adequate reliability and fidelity. The frequency of inter-word segregation (mean = 29) was higher than intra-word segregation (mean = 4). Juncture accuracy was correlated with intelligibility metrics such as percentage of consonants correct. \textbf{\textit{Conclusion:}} Connected speech transcription is challenging. The CoST-P may be a useful resource for speech-language pathologists and clinical researchers. Use of the CoST-P assisted in displaying CAS speech characteristics unique to connected speech (e.g., inter-word segregation and juncture).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Thomas2017,

title = {Combined clinician-parent delivery of rapid syllable transition (ReST) treatment for childhood apraxia of speech},

author = {Donna C. Thomas and Patricia McCabe and Kirrie J. Ballard},

doi = {10.1080/17549507.2017.1316423},

issn = {1754-9515},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-12-28},

journal = {International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology},

volume = {20},

number = {7},

pages = {683--698},

publisher = {Informa UK Limited},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brown2018,

title = {The boundaries of auditory perception for within-word syllable segregation in untrained and trained adult listeners},

author = {Tayla Brown and Elizabeth Murray and Patricia McCabe},

doi = {10.1080/02699206.2018.1463395},

issn = {1464-5076},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-11-02},

journal = {Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics},

volume = {32},

number = {11},

pages = {979--996},

publisher = {Informa UK Limited},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Thomas2016,

title = {Telehealth delivery of Rapid Syllable Transitions (ReST) treatment for childhood apraxia of speech},

author = {Donna C. Thomas and Patricia McCabe and Kirrie J. Ballard and Michelle Lincoln},

doi = {10.1111/1460-6984.12238},

issn = {1460-6984},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-11-00},

journal = {International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders},

volume = {51},

number = {6},

pages = {654--671},

publisher = {Wiley},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Murray2015,

title = {A Randomized Controlled Trial for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech Comparing Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment and the Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme–Third Edition},

author = {Elizabeth Murray and Patricia McCabe and Kirrie J. Ballard},

doi = {10.1044/2015_jslhr-s-13-0179},

issn = {1558-9102},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-06-00},

journal = {J Speech Lang Hear Res},

volume = {58},

number = {3},

pages = {669--686},

publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},

abstract = {PurposeThis randomized controlled trial compared the experimental Rapid Syllable Transition (ReST) treatment to the Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme–Third Edition (NDP3; Williams & Stephens, 2004), used widely in clinical practice in Australia and the United Kingdom. Both programs aim to improve speech motor planning/programming for children with apraxia of speech (CAS), but they differ in types of stimuli used, level of stimulus complexity at initiation of treatment, and the principles of motor learning that they apply.MethodTreatment was delivered to 26 children with mild to severe CAS aged 4–12 years through trained and supervised speech-language pathology students in 1-hr sessions, 4 days a week for 3 weeks at a university clinic. Articulation and prosodic accuracy were assessed at pretreatment, 1 week, 1 month, and 4 months posttreatment using blinded independent assessors to compare treatment, maintenance, and generalization effects.ResultsThe ReST and NDP3 treatments demonstrated large treatment effects. ReST maintained treatment gains from 1-week to 4-months posttreatment more effectively than the NDP3. Significant generalization to untreated stimuli was observed for both ReST and NDP3.ConclusionsReST and NDP3 have strong evidence of treatment and generalization gains in children with CAS when delivered intensively. Overall, ReST has greater external evidence from multiple sources but both treatments have support for clinical use.Supplemental Materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170300},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Thomas2014,

title = {Rapid Syllable Transitions (ReST) treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech: The effect of lower dose-Frequency},

author = {Donna C. Thomas and Patricia McCabe and Kirrie J. Ballard},

doi = {10.1016/j.jcomdis.2014.06.004},

issn = {0021-9924},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-09-00},

urldate = {2014-09-00},

journal = {Journal of Communication Disorders},

volume = {51},

pages = {29--42},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

note = {OPEN ACCESS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{McCabe2014,

title = {Orthographically sensitive treatment for dysprosody in children with Childhood Apraxia of Speech using ReST intervention},

author = {Patricia McCabe and Anita G. Macdonald-D’Silva and Lauren J. van Rees and Kirrie J. Ballard and Joanne Arciuli},

doi = {10.3109/17518423.2014.906002},

issn = {1751-8431},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-04-00},

journal = {Developmental Neurorehabilitation},

volume = {17},

number = {2},

pages = {137--145},

publisher = {Informa UK Limited},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Murray2012,

title = {A comparison of two treatments for childhood apraxia of speech: methods and treatment protocol for a parallel group randomised control trial},

author = {Elizabeth Murray and Patricia McCabe and Kirrie J Ballard},

doi = {10.1186/1471-2431-12-112},

issn = {1471-2431},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-12-00},

urldate = {2012-12-00},

journal = {BMC Pediatr},

volume = {12},

number = {1},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

note = {OPEN ACCESS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{vanRees2012,

title = {Training Production of Lexical Stress in Typically Developing Children Using Orthographically Biased Stimuli and Principles of Motor Learning},

author = {Lauren J. van Rees and Kirrie J. Ballard and Patricia McCabe and Anita G. Macdonald-D’Silva and Joanne Arciuli},

doi = {10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0008)},

issn = {1558-9110},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-08-00},

journal = {Am J Speech Lang Pathol},

volume = {21},

number = {3},

pages = {197--206},

publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},

abstract = {

            Purpose

            

              Impaired lexical stress production characterizes multiple pediatric speech disorders. Effective remediation strategies are not available, and little is known about the normal process of learning to assign and produce lexical stress. This study examined whether typically developing (TD) children can be trained to produce lexical stress on bisyllabic pseudowords that are orthographically biased to a strong–weak or weak–strong pattern (e.g.,

              MAMbey

              or

              beDOON

              ), in combination with the principles of motor learning (PML).

            

          

          

            Method

            Fourteen TD children ages 5;0 (years;months) to 13;0 were randomly assigned to a training or control group using concealed allocation within blocks. A pre- to posttraining group design was used to examine the acquisition, retention, and generalization of lexical stress production.

          

          

            Results

            The training group learned to produce appropriate lexical stress for the pseudowords with strong maintenance and generalization to related untrained stimuli. Accuracy of stress production did not change in the control group.

          

          

            Conclusion

            TD children can learn to produce lexical stress patterns for orthographically biased pseudowords via explicit training methods. Findings have relevance for the study of languages other than English and for a range of prosodic disorders.

          },

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ballard2010,

title = {A Treatment for Dysprosody in Childhood Apraxia of Speech},

author = {Kirrie J. Ballard and Donald A. Robin and Patricia McCabe and Jeannie McDonald},

doi = {10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0130)},

issn = {1558-9102},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-10-00},

journal = {J Speech Lang Hear Res},

volume = {53},

number = {5},

pages = {1227--1245},

publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},

abstract = {

            Purpose

            Dysprosody is considered a core feature of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), especially impaired production of lexical stress. Few studies have tested the effects of intervention for dysprosody. This Phase II study with 3 children investigated the efficacy of a treatment targeting improved control of relative syllable durations in 3-syllable nonwords representing strong-weak (SW) and weak-strong (WS) stress patterns (e.g., BAtigu or baTIgu). Treatment sessions were structured along the principles of motor learning (PML) approach.

          

          

            Method

            Three children, age 7 to 10 years, with mild to moderate CAS and normal language development participated in an intensive 3-week treatment. Within-participant designs with multiple baselines across participants and behaviors were used to examine acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of skill.

          

          

            Results

            All children improved in their ability to control relative duration of syllables in SW and WS nonwords. Improvement was also noted in control of loudness and pitch contrasts. Treatment effects generalized to untreated nonword stimuli, but minimal change was seen in production of real words.

          

          

            Conclusion

            Findings support the efficacy of this approach for improving production of lexical stress contrasts. Structuring the intervention according to the PML approach likely stimulated strong maintenance and generalization effects.

          },

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Nakamura-Palacios2024,

title = {Enhancing Speech Rehabilitation in a Young Adult with Trisomy 21: Integrating Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) with Rapid Syllable Transition Training for Apraxia of Speech},

author = {Ester Miyuki Nakamura-Palacios and Aldren Thomazini Falçoni Júnior and Gabriela Lolli Tanese and Ana Carla Estellita Vogeley and Aravind Kumar Namasivayam},

doi = {10.3390/brainsci14010058},

issn = {2076-3425},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-00},

urldate = {2024-01-00},

journal = {Brain Sciences},

volume = {14},

number = {1},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {<jats:p>Apraxia of speech is a persistent speech motor disorder that affects speech intelligibility. Studies on speech motor disorders with transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) have been mostly directed toward examining post-stroke aphasia. Only a few tDCS studies have focused on apraxia of speech or childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), and no study has investigated individuals with CAS and Trisomy 21 (T21, Down syndrome). This N-of-1 randomized trial examined the effects of tDCS combined with a motor learning task in developmental apraxia of speech co-existing with T21 (ReBEC RBR-5435x9). The accuracy of speech sound production of nonsense words (NSWs) during Rapid Syllable Transition Training (ReST) over 10 sessions of anodal tDCS (1.5 mA, 25 cm) over Broca’s area with the cathode over the contralateral region was compared to 10 sessions of sham-tDCS and four control sessions in a 20-year-old male individual with T21 presenting moderate–severe childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). The accuracy for NSW production progressively improved (gain of 40%) under tDCS (sham-tDCS and control sessions showed < 20% gain). A decrease in speech severity from moderate–severe to mild–moderate indicated transfer effects in speech production. Speech accuracy under tDCS was correlated with Wernicke’s area activation (P3 current source density), which in turn was correlated with the activation of the left supramarginal gyrus and the Sylvian parietal–temporal junction. Repetitive bihemispheric tDCS paired with ReST may have facilitated speech sound acquisition in a young adult with T21 and CAS, possibly through activating brain regions required for phonological working memory.</jats:p>},

note = {OPEN ACCESS},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Miller2021,

title = {Improvements in Speech of Children with Apraxia: The Efficacy of Treatment for Establishing Motor Program Organization (TEMPO^{SM})},

author = {Hilary E. Miller and Kirrie J. Ballard and Jenna Campbell and Madison Smith and Amy S. Plante and Semra A. Aytur and Donald A. Robin},

doi = {10.1080/17518423.2021.1916113},

issn = {1751-8431},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-10-03},

urldate = {2021-10-03},

journal = {Developmental Neurorehabilitation},

volume = {24},

number = {7},

pages = {494--509},

publisher = {Informa UK Limited},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Oh2021,

title = {Development and clinical application of Korean-version nonword                        intervention to improve speech motor programming*},

author = {Da-Hee Oh and Ji-Wan Ha},

doi = {10.13064/ksss.2021.13.2.077},

issn = {2586-5854},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-00},

urldate = {2021-06-00},

journal = {Phonetics Speech Sci.},

volume = {13},

number = {2},

pages = {77--90},

publisher = {The Korean Society of Speech Sciences},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}